{"id":645,"date":"2022-08-29T09:45:48","date_gmt":"2022-08-29T07:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aaihednrn.org\/?p=645"},"modified":"2022-08-29T09:45:49","modified_gmt":"2022-08-29T07:45:49","slug":"sujet-du-cycle-detudes-2021-2022-les-enjeux-geopolitiques-sur-la-securite-des-francais-jeu-dechecs-ou-jeu-de-roles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aaihednrn.org\/index.php\/2022\/08\/29\/sujet-du-cycle-detudes-2021-2022-les-enjeux-geopolitiques-sur-la-securite-des-francais-jeu-dechecs-ou-jeu-de-roles\/","title":{"rendered":"Sujet du cycle d’\u00e9tudes 2021-2022 – Les enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Fran\u00e7ais – Jeu d’\u00e9checs ou jeu de r\u00f4les ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On assiste \u00e0 l’irruption au centre des pr\u00e9occupations publiques des menaces et des risques anciens et nouveaux : conflits de haute intensit\u00e9, guerres asym\u00e9triques, \u00a0terrorisme international,<\/a> cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9, s\u00e9curit\u00e9 climatique face aux catastrophes naturelles,<\/a> \u00a0crises sanitaires i<\/a>nternationales et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en approvisionnement des m\u00e9dicaments et vaccins, \u00a0crime organis\u00e9 et<\/a> r\u00e9seaux mafieux \u00e0<\/a> l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce aux nouvelles technologies et \u00e0 l\u2019effacement progressif des fronti\u00e8res nationales, liste qui n\u2019 a rien d\u2019exhaustif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette nouvelle donne a conduit les \u00c9tats occidentaux \u00e0 repenser leur s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en des termes plus globaux – associant probl\u00e9matiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 int\u00e9rieure et enjeux strat\u00e9giques internationaux – et, par voie de cons\u00e9quence, \u00e0 r\u00e9organiser leurs architectures nationales de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour en tenir compte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019IHEDN a depuis un certain temps \u00e9tendu son champ de r\u00e9flexion au-del\u00e0 de la d\u00e9fense militaire pour se pencher sur la d\u00e9fense et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 au sens global, \u00e0 preuve les sessions \u00e9conomiques et cyber, \u00e0 preuve aussi au sein de l\u2019UNION-IHEDN le r\u00e9cent Groupe Sant\u00e9 qui a vu le jour suite \u00e0 la crise sanitaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais  l\u2019aspect  g\u00e9opolitique  demeure  fondamental <\/em><\/strong>:  quelle  place  pour  l\u2019Europe  sur  l\u2019\u00e9chiquier politique face aux \u00c9tats-Unis, \u00e0 la Chine et la Russie dans un monde, o\u00f9 pour reprendre les analyses de Michael Doyle, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Columbia, un certain nombre de puissance, apr\u00e8s le 11 septembre, dans le monde sont tomb\u00e9es dans ce qu\u2019il appelle les pi\u00e8ges de Thucydide, le grand historien grec de la Guerre du P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce pi\u00e8ge consiste \u00e0 diviser id\u00e9ologiquement le monde en deux : aujourd\u2019hui d\u00e9mocratie\/droits de l\u2019Homme vs totalitarisme, bref Ath\u00e8nes contre Sparte avec interventionnisme militaire qui m\u00e8ne \u00e0 la catastrophe (exp\u00e9dition ath\u00e9nienne sur la Sicile, guerres en Irak, Libye, Afghanistan). Ath\u00e8nes a quitt\u00e9 la Sicile, les \u00c9tats-Unis sont partis d\u2019Afghanistan !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le deuxi\u00e8me pi\u00e8ge d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 par Thucydide est que dans l\u2019urgence de la lutte contre la totalitarisme, les d\u00e9mocraties, et  \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque actuelle en premier lieu les \u00c9tats-Unis, se croient oblig\u00e9es d\u2019imiter les autocraties, en restreignant les libert\u00e9s ou en cr\u00e9ant , comme \u00e0 Guantanamo, des zones de non- droit, voire \u00e0 s\u2019allier \u00e0 des \u00c9tats non d\u00e9mocratiques et totalitaires consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme alli\u00e9s dans cette nouvelle guerre froide qui n\u2019oppose plus le Nord contre le Sud ni le capitalisme contre le communisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On  est  entr\u00e9  dans  des  guerres  locales  et  r\u00e9gionales  car  le  nucl\u00e9aire  emp\u00eache  une  3 \u00e8me   guerre mondiale pour favoriser une hyperguerre <\/em>fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019espionnage, la cyberguerre et l\u2019ing\u00e9rence dans les \u00e9lections des \u00c9tats d\u00e9mocratiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On pourrait ainsi envisager diff\u00e9rentes th\u00e9matiques que l\u2019on pourrait r\u00e9sumer en quelques points :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022   S\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et sanitaire :   acc\u00e8s aux mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, protection des brevets, approvisionnements m\u00e9dicaux, risque informatique\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022   S\u00e9curit\u00e9 environnementale : rivages marins, for\u00eats, changement climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022   S\u00e9curit\u00e9 politique, d\u00e9fense militaire et d\u00e9fense des valeurs de la R\u00e9publique. Cela concerne la   s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en termes de   d\u00e9fense du territoire national, hexagonal et DOM-TOM inclus, les  conflits \u00ab traditionnels \u00bb,de  haute intensit\u00e9, sans oublier le spatial,  les  migrations  (flux  et  accueil\/int\u00e9gration),  la  cuture  et  les                                                                                                                 droits  de l\u2019Homme, la conception m\u00eame de la Nation, enfin la d\u00e9fense de la francophonie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En conclusion, on pourra se poser la question de fond :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O<\/em><\/strong>\u00f9 l\u2019Europe et la France peuvent-elles et doivent-elles se situer sur le nouvel \u00e9chiquier mondial, sachant que la France dispose d\u2019une capacit\u00e9 de projection extraordinaire gr\u00e2ce aux joyaux que constituent les DOM-TOM qui font de la France la deuxi\u00e8me puissance mondiale en terme de surface maritime (ZEE) ?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On assiste \u00e0 l’irruption au centre des pr\u00e9occupations publiques des menaces et des risques anciens et nouveaux : conflits de haute intensit\u00e9, guerres asym\u00e9triques, \u00a0terrorisme international, cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9, s\u00e9curit\u00e9 climatique face aux catastrophes naturelles, \u00a0crises sanitaires internationales et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en approvisionnement des m\u00e9dicaments et vaccins, \u00a0crime organis\u00e9 et r\u00e9seaux mafieux \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce aux nouvelles 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